Appraisal/Risk of Bias
- AMSTAR (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews) 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both.Shea BJ et al. BMJ. 2017 Sep 21;358:j4008. Instrument for critically appraising systematic reviews of randomized controlled clinical trials.
- CASP: Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists"This set of eight critical appraisal tools are designed to be used when reading research, these include tools for Systematic Reviews, Randomised Controlled Trials, Cohort Studies, Case Control Studies, Economic Evaluations, Diagnostic Studies, Qualitative studies and Clinical Prediction Rule."
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM)"Critical appraisal worksheets to help appraise the reliability, importance and applicability of clinical evidence." Worksheets for SRs, Diagnostics, Prognosis, RCTs, Qualitative and Individual Patient Data (IPD).
- Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (ROB 2)RoB 2 is structured into a fixed set of domains of bias, focussing on different aspects of trial design, conduct, and reporting.
- JBI Critical Apprisal Tools"JBI’s critical appraisal tools assist in assessing the trustworthiness, relevance and results of published papers."
- ROBINS-IRisk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I)
Levels of Evidence
- GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., Schünemann, H. J., & GRADE Working Group (2008). BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 336(7650), 924–926.
- Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals Model Research Evidence Appraisal Tool (2022)Appendix E: Research Evidence Appraisal Tool
- JBI Grades of Recommendation"Grades of Recommendation are used to assist healthcare professionals when implementing evidence into practice."
- JBI Levels of Evidence"These levels are intended to be used alongside the supporting document outlining their use."
Other Appraisal Tools
- Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT)"The MMAT is a critical appraisal tool that is designed for the appraisal stage of systematic mixed studies reviews, i.e., reviews that include qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies. It permits to appraise the methodological quality of five categories to studies: qualitative research, randomized controlled trials, non-randomized studies, quantitative descriptive studies, and mixed methods studies."