Citing personal photos, digital files, or other electronic resources can be confusing. The important thing to remember is that everything you use for academic or professional work, even if you made it yourself, does need to be cited - every time! Click on the tabs above to see some commonly cited items in each style. Remember to follow the indentation guidelines of your chosen style.
If you have a question or need to cite something not listed here, schedule a consultation with a librarian!
Icons are from the Noun Project and under Creative Commons licence (CCBY): link by Nathan Diesel, Video by Aybige, Audio by Manasa, Image by Mohammad Iqbal, hashtag by Gregor Cresnar
In MLA style, any links you include should not have the http:// portion of the URL.
If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.
Garofalo, Vanessa. "How to Avoid Plagiarism in 5 Easy Steps." YouTube, uploaded by Modern Librarian Memoirs, 5 April 2018, www.youtu.be/WV2-cmi19sg.
“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.
Make sure to list as much information as possible to help your user find the file - if information such as record label or producer are unavailable from your source, do not list them.
Song
Zuckerman, Jeremy. "To Heal." 22 July 2015. SoundCloud, www.soundcloud.com/jeremy-zuckerman/to-heal.
Personal Interview
A personal interview is one that you have conducted yourself - the "author" is the interviewee. For other interviews, see the Purdue OWL Guide.
Crowl, Paige. Personal interview. 12 July 2019.
Podcast
"3 - Station Management." Welcome to Night Vale from NightValeRadio, 15 July 2012, www.radiopublic.com/welcome-to-night-vale-3GZp96/ep/s1!0c606.
Personal Photo
Remember to get the permission of all the people in the photo (or their guardians, if minors) before you use it in your work!
Crowl, Paige. "Happy Spinach." 28 Feb. 2017. Personal collection.
Garofalo, Christopher. "CSCE Contributor Gift Table." SmugMug, 12 April 2019, www.christophervisuals.com/OxfordCollege/CSCE/i-wP8vMbB/A.
Online Photo or Image
If the image is on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author. If the image has no title, put a description instead, and don't use quotation marks or italics.
Williams, Maynard O. “An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 10 March 2016, www.natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that.
Cash, Ivan. "Infographic of Infographics." Imgur, 5 April 2011, www.imgur.com/DNxvj.
Facebook
Oxford College Library. "Stop by the library until 2 pm today for some much-needed stress relief with our therapy dogs! @emoryoxford #stressrelief #therapydogs #oxlibrary #oxlib #oxfordcollegelibrary #oxfamily." Facebook, 2 May 2019, 7:47 a.m., www.facebook.com/OxLibrary/photos/a.146203117813/10158053777397814/.
@OxLibrary. "Stop by the library THIS THURSDAY to get some much-needed stress relief with one of our therapy dogs in Room 230! FREE healthy snacks will be available in the Info. Commons! @EmoryOxford #oxlibrary #oxlib #oxfordcollegelibrary #oxfamily #destress #studybreak #therapydogs." Twitter, 30 Apr. 2019, 10:41 a.m., www.twitter.com/OxLibrary/status/1123281357071843328.
@oxfordcollegelibrary. "Stop by the library until 2pm today for some much needed stress relief with our therapy dogs! @emoryoxford #stressrelief #therapydogs #oxlibrary #oxlib #oxfordcollegelibrary #oxfamily." Instagram, 2 May 2019, www.instagram.com/p/Bw9srvdFLzl.
This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian!
MLA Handbook by The Modern Language Association, the authority on research and writing, takes a fresh look at documenting sources in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook. Works are published today in a dizzying range of formats. A book, for example, may be read in print, online, or as an e-book--or perhaps listened to in an audio version. On the Web, modes of publication are regularly invented, combined, and modified. Previous editions of the MLA Handbookprovided separate instructions for each format, and additional instructions were required for new formats. In this groundbreaking new edition of its best-selling handbook, the MLA recommends instead one universal set of guidelines, which writers can apply to any type of source. Shorter and redesigned for easy use, the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook guides writers through the principles behind evaluating sources for their research. It then shows them how to cite sources in their writing and create useful entries for the works-cited list. More than just a new edition, this is a new MLA style.Some of the examples used here are from the APA Style Blog post on How to Cite Social Media in APA Style.
If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.
Garofalo, V. [Modern Librarian Memoirs]. (2018, April 5). How to avoid plagiarism in 5 easy steps [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/WV2-cmi19sg
CrazyRussianHacker. (2016, June 6). 8 hot dog gadgets put to the test [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/WBlpjSEtELs
Make sure to list as much information as possible to help your user find the file - if information such as record label or producer are unavailable from your source, do not list them.
Song
Zuckerman, J. (2015, July 22). To heal [Audio file]. Retrieved from https://soundcloud.com/jeremy-zuckerman/to-heal
Personal Interview
A personal interview is one that you have conducted yourself - the "author" is the interviewee. Note that APA style does not require a reference to a personal interview.
Crowl, P. (2019, July 12). Personal interview.
Podcast
Night Vale Presents. (Producer). (2012, July 15). Station management. Welcome to Night Vale. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://radiopublic.com/welcome-to-night-vale-3GZp96/ep/s1!0c606
Personal Photo
Remember to get the permission of all the people in the photo (or their guardians, if minors) before you use it in your work!
Garofalo, C. (Photographer). (2019, April 12). [CSCE contributor gift table] [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://www.christophervisuals.com/OxfordCollege/CSCE/i-wP8vMbB/A
Online Photo or Image
The title of the item for the reference comes from its caption, so if the image has no official caption, you will describe the item inside square brackets. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.
Williams, M. O. (Photographer). (2016, March 10). An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949 [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that
Cash, I. (2011, April 5). [Infographic of infographics] [Infographic]. Retrieved from https://imgur.com/DNxvj
Only include the first 40 words of the post/caption when citing a social media post in APA style.
Facebook
Gaiman, N. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer out for dinner. It’s been four years since many authors had a good dinner. We are waiting. Many of us have our forks or chopsticks at the [Facebook status update]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/10150574185041016
Oxford Library [@OxLibrary]. (2019, April 30). Stop by the library THIS THURSDAY to get some much-needed stress relief with one of our therapy dogs in Room 230! FREE healthy snacks will be available in the Info. Commons! @EmoryOxford #oxlibrary #oxlib #oxfordcollegelibrary #oxfamily #destress #studybreak #therapydogs [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/OxLibrary/status/1123281357071843328
Oxford College Library [@oxfordcollegelibrary]. (2019, May 2). Stop by the library until 2pm today for some much needed stress relief with our therapy dogs! @emoryoxford #stressrelief #therapydogs #oxlibrary #oxlib #oxfordcollegelibrary #oxfamily [Instagram photo]. Retreived from https://www.instagram.com/p/Bw9srvdFLzl/
This resource, updated to reflect the APA Handbook (6th ed.), offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the references page. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian!
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioural sciences. It provides invaluable guidance on all aspects of the writing process, from the ethics of authorship to the word choice that best reduces bias in language. Well-known for its authoritative and easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures, and tone that will result in strong, simple, and elegant scientific communication.Some of the examples used here are from the Purdue OWL guide to Chicago Style. As it is the more commonly used format, we have given examples here in the Notes and Bibliography variation. Please visit the Chicago Manual of Style's page on Author-Date for examples in that format!
Note/Bibliography
1. Vanessa Garofalo, "How to Avoid Plagiarism in 5 Easy Steps," April 5, 2018, Modern Librarian Memoirs, 3:39. https://youtu.be/WV2-cmi19sg.
Garofalo, Vanessa. "How to Avoid Plagiarism in 5 Easy Steps." April 5, 2018. Modern Librarian Memoirs, 3:39. https://youtu.be/WV2-cmi19sg.
Make sure to list as much information as possible to help your user find the file.
Song - Note/Bibliography
1. Jeremy Zuckerman, To Heal, Soundcloud, 2015, Audio file.
Zuckerman, Jeremy. To Heal. Soundcloud. Audio file.
Personal Interview - Note
Chicago style does not recommend a bibliography entry for a personal interview.
1. Alex Smith (retired plumber) in discussion with the author, January 2017.
Podcast - Note/Bibliography
1. Sean Cole and Ira Glass, “622: Who You Gonna Call?,” August 4, 2017, in This American Life, produced by WBEZ, podcast, MP3 audio, 1:00:27, accessed October 31, 2017, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/622/who-you-gonna-call.
Cole, Sean and Ira Glass. “622: Who You Gonna Call?.” Produced by WBEZ. This American Life. August 4, 2017. Podcast, MP3 audio, 1:00:27. Accessed October 31, 2017. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/622/who-you-gonna-call.
In Chicago style, information about art pieces is usually given in the text, not the bibliography. If an entry is needed, use these guidelines.
Personal Photo - Note/Bibliography
Remember to get the permission of all the people in the photo (or their guardians, if minors) before you use it in your work!
1. Christopher Garofalo, CSCE contributor gift table, April 12, 2019, Digital Image, SmugMug, www.christophervisuals.com/OxfordCollege/CSCE/i-wP8vMbB/A.
Garofalo, Christopher. CSCE contributor gift table. April 12, 2019. Digital image. www.christophervisuals.com/OxfordCollege/CSCE/i-wP8vMbB/A.
Online Photo or Image - Note/Bibliography
If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.
1. Maynard Owen Williams, An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949, March 10, 2016, Digital image, NatGeoFound, natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that.
Williams, Maynard Owen. An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949. March 10, 2016. Digital image. natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that.
The Chicago Manual of Style recommends limiting citations of social media content to the body of your work.
Example
Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).
A note can be used for a formal citation in some cases, though this is rare.
Example - Note/Bibliography
1. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
This resource, updated to reflect the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.), offers examples of common citations in both style variations. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian!
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations by When Kate L. Turabian first put her famous guidelines to paper, she could hardly have imagined the world in which today's students would be conducting research. Yet while the ways in which we research and compose papers may have changed, the fundamentals remain the same: writers need to have a strong research question, construct an evidence-based argument, cite their sources, and structure their work in a logical way. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations--also known as "Turabian"--remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. This new edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. While previous editions incorporated digital forms of research and writing, this edition goes even further to build information literacy, recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens. Chapters include updated advice on finding, evaluating, and citing a wide range of digital sources and also recognize the evolving use of software for citation management, graphics, and paper format and submission. The ninth edition is fully aligned with the recently released Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition, as well as with the latest edition of The Craft of Research. Teachers and users of the previous editions will recognize the familiar three-part structure. Part 1 covers every step of the research and writing process, including drafting and revising. Part 2 offers a comprehensive guide to Chicago's two methods of source citation: notes-bibliography and author-date. Part 3 gets into matters of editorial style and the correct way to present quotations and visual material. A Manual for Writers also covers an issue familiar to writers of all levels: how to conquer the fear of tackling a major writing project. Through eight decades and millions of copies, A Manual for Writers has helped generations shape their ideas into compelling research papers. This new edition will continue to be the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.