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AFS/HIST 221 The Making of Modern Africa

This guide is designed to assist the students in Dr. Zehyoue's Fall 2025 semester course with their research

What are Primary Sources?

What is a Primary Source?              

    An original, first-hand account of an event or time period. They are usually written or made during or close to the event or time period.  A primary source is factual, not interpretive.

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

    Diaries, journals, and letters

    Newspaper and magazine articles (factual accounts)

    Government records (census, congressional reports, marriage, military)

    Photographs, maps, postcards, posters

    Recorded or transcribed speeches

    Interviews with participants or witnesses to particular event (e.g., The Civil Right Movement)

    Songs, Plays, novels, stories

What are Secondary Sources

What is a Secondary Source?

Secondary sources interpret, analyze, and discuss the evidence provided by primary sources. They are a second-hand account or observation at least one step removed from the event.

EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES

biographical works;

commentaries and critical reviews;

books other than fiction or autobiographies

journal, newspaper, and magazine articles written well after an event takes place